Price sensitivity Essay Example

Value affectability Essay The Web characterizes value affectability â€Å"as the degree to which cost is a significant model in the clients dynamic procedure; in this way a value delicate client is probably going to see a value rise and change to a less expensive brand or supplier† (Information recovered on May 8, 2006 from wps.pearsoned.co.uk/wps/media/objects/1452/1487687/glossary/glossary.html)  Miller (2006) characterizes affectability as â€Å"the consciousness of the purchaser to what they see to be the window of cost inside which they will purchase a specific item or service.†Price affectability at that point is the customers’ familiarity with the costs of the items or administrations they are purchasing. At a cost delicate client, the cost of a specific item or administration is an extraordinary factor in their choice to buy the item. â€Å"Price affectability anyway isn't just about charging significant expenses to expand income. It may likewise bode well to slice costs some o f the time significantly to energize individuals who may somehow or another not be a piece of the market to utilize the administrations or merchandise being provided†Ã¢ (Information recovered on May 8, 2006 from http://www.bized.ac.uk/current/mind/2005_6/141105.htm). Case of value affectability is the technique utilized by Priceline.Priceline’s clients are extremely value touchy. Priceline gives its clients an assortment of offers and arrangements they can look over. This is a showcasing methodology that Priceline uses to urge value delicate clients to belittle their items. Priceline exploits the value delicate clients who anticipate better arrangements for their cash. Priceline utilizes the name-your-cost or converse activity model (Varian, 2000). This technique is really similar to other promoting procedures wherein clients are given the decision to be progressively adaptable with their time and brand in return for a lower cost.The impact of this obviously is for cli ents to consistently search for a superior deal utilizing the Priceline’s costs as the reference costs or premise in their dynamic. Value touchy client attempts to discover other great arrangements from different aircrafts just to look at the obvious reserve funds they will make in the event that they pick Priceline. As indicated by Kottler (2003), clients are more value touchy to items and administrations that are viewed as progressively costly and as often as possible utilized by the clients. Travel is viewed as a costly action so clients are value delicate and attempts to get the best arrangement thinking about cost and quality.Customers are extremely touchy to loan costs. The home advance items offered by Priceline really produce a beneficial outcome. The most reduced advance assurance energizes more clients considering the huge investment funds they will get from it. Yet, a few clients are incredulous particularly the individuals who have negative encounters with regards to covered up charges.PART II †Is the correct value a reasonable price?There are different sides to this coin †one is at costs to mirror the worth that clients are eager to pay and the other is to mirror the cost associated with making an item or service.High esteem thing ordinarily suggests high caliber. In the event that costs are set high, clients have elevated requirements on the item or administration. On the off chance that this desire is met by the producer or the organization offering the administration, at that point significant expenses can even now be viewed as a reasonable price.On the other hand, with the current economy of the nation today and the diminishing buying intensity of numerous individuals, reasonable costs are costs that mirror the cost associated with making the item or administration. Reasonable cost for this situation is the point at which the clients buy an item or administration and leave content with the quality and the cost.Economists chara cterize honest evaluation as â€Å"the value that an intrigued yet not frantic purchaser would pay and an intrigued however not urgent vender would acknowledge on the open market expecting a sensible timeframe for a consent to arise† (data saw on May 8, 2006 from http://www.investorwords.com/1878/fair_market_value.html).The idea of straightforwardness and open responsibility assume significant jobs in setting the correct cost. As indicated by Baggini (2006), a reasonable cost in a free market is basically what the individuals are set up to pay. It is viewed as uncalled for to clients on the off chance that they pay swelled rates for items and administrations that they wound up more awful off than they ought to have been.Products or administrations ought to be estimated only enough to take care of all expenses brought about in its creation and enough benefit to support the maker and profit for their venture. The enthusiasm on change and the danger of speculation ought to likew ise be considered in setting the privilege or reasonable cost. Along these lines, both the shopper and maker leave happy.BIBLIOGRAPHYPART IKotler,P (2003)â Marketing Management, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New JerseyMiller, L (2006). Understanding Price Sensitivity in Marketing: One of the Four Keys in the Marketing Mix. Recovered May 8, 2006 from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/17430/understanding_price_sensitivity_in.htmlMind your Business Price Sensitivity Retrieved May 8, 2006 from http://www.bized.ac.uk/current/mind/2005_6/141105.htmVarian, H (2000) Priceline’s Magic Show Retrieved May 8, 2006 from http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~hal/Articles/TheStandard/priceline.htmlPART IIBaggini, J (2006). Would you be able to swindle somebody to riches? Recovered May 8, 2006 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/thoughts/story/0,,1746335,00.htmlFair Market Value Retrieved May 8, 2006 fromhttp://www.investorwords.com/1878/fair_market_value.html;

Kurdish Conflict Regulation

Kurdish Conflict Regulation 1.4. Definitions As Milton-Edwards says, before looking at the particular indications of the primary subject, it is critical to layout some of other significant related definitions (2008). To investigate and talk about Kurdish clash guideline in the Republic of Turkey, one needs to characterize Turkey’s framework corresponding to the Kurds as an ethnic minority in that nation. Ethnicity and its related issues are significant enough for researchers to think about it as one of principle powers to shape the world. Metal cases â€Å"ethnicity and patriotism, interethnic clashes, and secessionist developments have been significant powers molding the advanced world and the structure and solidness of contemporary states† (1991). Zuelow in ‘Nationalism Journals’ like Brass about national character and its strength says national personality has been one of the principals power molding the course of history, absolutely since the French Revolution† (1999). Moreover, he accepts that national personality has assumed a key job in transformations, wars and state-development (Ibid). At the point when individuals of various ethnicity are living in a one area and one gathering for the most part has the greater part rule on different gatherings in non-popularity based ways, it is the beginning stage of contention. Bruce Gilley characterized â€Å"ethnic struggle as continued and vicious clash by ethnically unmistakable on-screen characters in which the issue is basic to one ethnicity† (2004, 1160). In a similar source, he utilizes different terms, for example, ‘ethnic violence’ or ‘ethnic war’ for ethnic clash (Ibid, 1155). ‘Ethnic strife regulation’ is the other term ought to be characterized here. There are numerous definitions for ethnic clash guideline in various references. Wolff accepts â€Å"conflict guideline contains three components: counteraction, the executives, and settlement: Conflict avoidance targets directing clash into peaceful conduct by giving motivating forces to serene convenience. Peace promotion is the endeavor, as far as possible or direct the impacts of a progressing ethnic clash. Struggle settlement targets building up an institutional system in which the clashing interests of various ethnic gatherings can be obliged to degree the motivators to peaceful and participation condition† (2009, 1). Ilievski Wolff characterize ethnic clash guideline through institutional plan that contentions can be settled by means of an institutional deal that builds up full scale level structures through which debates among the contention gatherings can be tended to strategically and without response to violence† (2010, 5-6). McGarry and OLeary guarantee, â€Å"The term of ‘regulation’ is comprehensive and it covers both clash end and peace making. Eight unmistakable full scale strategies for ethnic clash guideline can be recognized into two techniques for disposing of contrasts and strategies for overseeing differences† (1993, 4). The Republic of Turkey was established on the fundamental standards, or ‘six arrows’, of Kemalism. These standards are republicanism, patriotism, secularism, populism, statism and revolutionism (Los Angeles Times 2014). Kemal Ataturk and his supporters have characterized Turkey as an expert Western, current and law based nation. The two subjects of ethnic minority rights and Islamism, in light of two standards of Turkish patriotism and secularism, were no-no for a long time. The Welfare Party in the general political race for the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) in 1995 caught most of seats. Necmettin Erbakan came to control as the principal Islamist Prime Minister in the Republic of Turkey in 1996. Despite the fact that the age of his Cabinet was only one year, it was sufficient to break the no-no of the secularism guideline as a boycott for Islamist ideological groups. In any case, the long stretches of 1990s and Ãâ€"zal’s addresses about Kurdish individu als as an ethnic minority in Turkey, can be looked as a beginning stage, at any rate multi decade was expected to begin to break the one-country one-state thought in Turkey. In regard of Kurdish ethnic guideline in Turkey, the meaning of ‘Double Standard’ appears to fit with organizations and established laws in Turkey. â€Å"Double standard is a circumstance wherein two individuals or gatherings are dealt with uniquely in contrast to one another in a way that is out of line to one of them† (merriam-webster word reference 2014) or â€Å"a set of rules that applies diversely and normally more thoroughly to one gathering of individuals or conditions than to another† (QA.com) and (Ibid). Park, alluding to Guney (2006-2007) and Uslu (2008a) says, â€Å"a major logical factor behind Turkey’s protection from the selection of more remorse to the Armenian destiny, or a progressively comprehensive grasping of its Kurdish residents, is the force of Turkish patriotism (2012, 23). The ‘Turkish history thesis’ demand that the Turks of focal Asia comprised the world’s first edified individuals, who had given the base of all other world civic establishments (Park 2012,23). Related with the history proposal was the ‘Sun language theory’ which asserts that â€Å"Turks were simply the originators of language and that every other language were in this manner got from or connected to it (Cagaptay 2002; Arkman 2006)† (Park 2012,24). Security frameworks, battle ready methodologies, financial and human rights conditions in West and Center of the nation, or by and large for Turks, has been not quite the same as non-Turk minorities in Turkey. Kurds, as roughly 20% of Turkeys populace, have been illegal from the essential rights for around one century. Meanwhile, supporting the privileges of the Turkish language populace as residents of different nations has been one of the fundamental standards of Turkeys Foreign Policies. These sorts of various methodologies can be portrayed as types of a twofold standard approach. Once in a while these double strategies have caused struggle for Turkey and have pushed the nation from a zero-issue to a zero-companion circumstance. Park, when characterizing the Republic of Turkey, alludes to Yavuz and Eposito (2003:xx1) in that they guarantee â€Å"when Ataturk passed on in 1938, Kemalism was ‘neither popularity based nor liberal however Authoritarian, elitist, and ideological† (2012, 13). In any case, Urrutia and Villellas take a gander at Turkey as a ‘consolidating democracy’ (2012, 2) in their depiction of Turkey’s framework. Gulcan Saglam (2012) takes a gander at Turkey under the standard of AKP as a ‘semi-law based state’ that might be increasingly good with the present conditions in Turkey and valuable for this examination. A semi-popularity based state is characterized as an express that has fair standards and a dictator rule practically speaking simultaneously, however they are neither completely tyrant nor completely vote based. The semi-vote based state, by Akinola (2013) definition, is â€Å"a express that bolsters popular government as a thought, yet neglects to arrive at the utilization of its principles.The standards of opportunity discourse and affiliation, free and reasonable political race just as straightforwardness in government establish basic characters of the vote based state†. Saglam says â€Å"in semi-just political settings with solid dictator on-screen characters, ideological groups that construct wide alliances comprising of different force habitats in the general public by means of gathering explicit arrangement guarantees will be bound to move the perceived leverage for themselves than entertainers that need such connections† (2012, 37-8). He trusts â€Å"The AKP is the principal Islamist ideological group in Turkey that sought after this procedure, and it was these gathering explicit arrangement guarantees that in the long run helped the Party to repulse the Kemalist state structure and move the level of influence for itself† (Ibid). 1.5. The Problem and Rationale Ethnic character and ethnic clash have been the most confused issues among social orders and have stayed as twofold tie ties in residential, provincial and universal levels, particularly in creating nations. Ethnic clash has an association and interrelation with different topics, for example, sex, political economy and democratization in various perspectives (Milton-Edwards 2008, 1). Beavis states that â€Å"ethnic struggle studies can be viewed as a hotspot for understanding universal relations however single book; idea or hypothesis can't clarify such an intricate marvel in its entirety† (1999-2012). Ethnic clash is regularly considered as a neighborhood or intra-state issue, yet undoubtedly, it has had impact on both intra-state and between state relations. The Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) responds to the inquiry ‘How numerous contentions were there on the planet in 2011?’ (UCDP 2011) and explains the number and rank of ‘intrastate conflicts’ in contrast with different sorts of contention in that year, asserting that â€Å"in 2011, UCDP recorded 37 dynamic outfitted conflicts†(Ibid). In view of a similar source, from thirty-seven equipped clashes in 2011 that occurred in 30 distinct pieces of the world, 27 of them were intrastate, nine intrastate with outside association. Cambodia-Thailand (normal outskirt) was the main case among them enrolled as interstate clash. Turkey was among five Middle Eastern nations having intrastate Kurdish clash; that it didn't acquaint with a degree of war until 2011. The above outline from UCDP (2013) shows the sort and number of furnished clashes from 1946-2012. It shows the additional state strife just until 1974, interstate clashes have diminished and internationalized clashes have had moderate increment since 2004. In any case, the quantities of intrastate clashes have had huge increment particularly from the 1960’s. In examination with global wars from 1950s, Civil Wars have been progressively incessant and increasingly sturdy. Ethnic wars have been principle part of common wars. For example, 55% in 1970

Qantas Airlines Performance Analysis Essays - Finance, Economy

Qantas Airlines Performance Analysis Essays - Finance, Economy Qantas Airlines Execution Analysis Name: ID: Module: Teacher: Number of Words: Date of Submission: Official Summary Having leftover case to the net resources of an organization in liquidation, value holders, both potential and existing, have a considerable stake in the budgetary presentation of an organization. Be that as it may, the savagely serious business scene, with higher versatility of fund and skill, has settled on the dynamic errand before venture troublesome. The worldwide budgetary emergency (GFC) in the most recent decade is a reasonable message to all worried that momentary money related execution can't give genuine image of long haul capability of a firm. Getting a genuine perspective on an association's drawn out wellbeing requires a general examination of the company's tasks and execution which incorporates examinations with regards to how the firm qualities enthusiasm of different partners and how far it has had the option to live up to their desires. Thus the potential and existing investors need to assess the allure of a firm as speculation goal based on the company's drawn out budgetary and non-money related execution as respects all the partners' advantage. Chapter by chapter list Introduction4 Partners Value Analysis4 Offer Price History12 Offer Price Return13 Return and Volatility of Qantas Stock Price15 Current Valuation of the Equity of Qantas 17 Assessment of the organization's Investment Projects 19 Profit Policy and Capital Structure of Qantas 19 Generally speaking expense of capital20 Finishing up Remarks 21 References 23 Presentation A business is a mixture of exercises performed by people, gathering of people, and establishments. The exhibition of the business influences the enthusiasm of the considerable number of partners, in particular the investors, the representatives, the providers, the administration offices, and the network on the loose. Assessment and choice as respects appeal of an organization for speculations can be made by existing and potential investors, brokers, and providers of crude materials and utilities based on investigation of budgetary figures unveiled by the organization in its yearly reports. A progressively complete report card of the firm should be possible through partners' investigation coordinated to the appraisal of generally speaking corporate soundness of the firm. Right now report is a contextual analysis comprising of an orderly and organized investigation and evaluation of the drawn out engaging quality of Qantas Airlines, an Australian aircraft industry recorded in Australia n Stock Exchange (ASX), as a speculation goal. Qantas 2018 Partners Value Analysis Partners' worth is an administration reasoning and expansion of it will in general get energy in acknowledgment as a substantial goal of business among business the executives organization. Transient money related achievement may not support over the long haul, and other non-budgetary parameters are should have been estimated to infer an increasingly comprehensive picture portraying generally strength of the organization. Partners, by their activities, profoundly impact tasks and execution of a firm, and furthermore have certain desires from the firm. Investigation of the degree to which such desires are met is known as partners' worth examination, and the last evaluation is called Balanced Scorecard of execution of the firm which shows its present benefit and long haul supportability in the serious scene. Qantas Airlines is the Australia's greatest household and worldwide carriers with a solid brand worth, and one of the main aircrafts organization in the worldwide flight segment. I n this segment Stakeholders Analysis and adjusted scorecard of Qantas Airlines are finished. The generally acknowledged benchmarks for flight organization execution are utilized in the examination and the measurements are determined based on money related figures and non-budgetary data given in the organization sites, yearly reports, and expert sites. Examining period for this area is 2013 - 14 to 2017 - 18. Table 1: Economic Integrity Benchmark Metric 2017/18 2016/17 2015/16 2014/15 2013/14 Fundamental PBT $M 1,604 1,401 1,532 975 - 646 Legal PBT $M 1.391 1,181 1,424 789 - 3.976 ROIC % 22 20.1 22.7 16.2 - 1.5 Basic EPS Pennies per share 64 55 53 32 - 21 Legal EPS Pennies per share 56 46 49 25 - 129 Net FCF $M 1,442 1,309 1,674 1,104 0 Investigation: Basic PBT: This is a non-legal measure, indicating the benefit earned in the ordinary course of business, with typical parameters. Nobody off benefit or misfortune is incorporated. The pattern shows the measurement is expanding consistently. Legal PBT: This is determined by changing any erratic benefit or misfortune with the fundamental PBT. It has especially improved since 2013/14. Basic EPS: It is determined from basic PBT. In the wake of deducting charge from fundamental PBT the sum is separated by weighted normal number of offers exceptional. The pattern shows consistent increment. Legal EPS: It is determined from legal PBT. The pattern shows consistent increment. Net free income (CFC): It is the working money accessible subsequent to deducting money spent

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The Loss of the Creature vs the Souls of Black Folk Essay...

Walker Percy’s essay, â€Å"The Loss of the Creature† describes the experiences that each person goes through as either a genuine experience driven by own desires, or one that is already preconceived by experts. Percy believes that people can only learn from experiences that are driven by pure personal desire, and not experiences already preconceived by experts. Percy describes the â€Å"loss of sovereignty† as preconceived notions of an experience with the help of experts. W.E.B Du Bois, on the other hand, wrote an essay called, â€Å"The Souls of Black Folk† that contradicts Percy’s term of the â€Å"loss of sovereignty†. Du Bois strongly believes that with the help of experts, people can then learn what they need to get ahead in life.†¦show more content†¦Du Bois said that nothing will change in the educational system, thus, the students never get a chance to explore other than what experts expect and give them to learn. Percy wou ld describe Du Bois students as â€Å"simple† students who are letting expert opinions control what they do, and how they perceive information. The expert’s guidance help to â€Å"form [the thoughts] in the sightseer’s mind† (Percy, 566), thus, it takes away from the genuine experience. Percy would describe Du Bois students as â€Å"simple† students who are letting expert opinions control what they do, and how they perceive information. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Percy would disagree with Du Bois that â€Å"old time glorified methods of delving the Truth, and searching the hidden beauties of life, and learning the good of living† is through being a â€Å"simple† student. One cannot be forced into liking something if they are truly not interested in it, but Du Bois argued that education is something that is necessary without taking into consideration the students desire to learn. Percy though, argued with an example that, â€Å"A student who has the desire to get at a dogfish or a Shakespeare sonnet may have the greatest difficulty in salvaging the creature itself from the educational package in which it is presented† (573). Percy suggests that the â€Å"educational package†Show MoreRelated Analysis of Tess of the DUrbervilles by Thomas Hardy Essay3684 Words   |  15 Pagesessential in order to tell the tragic tale of Tess Durbeyfield. There is never an instance in Hardys prose that suggests frill or excess. Themes of the Industrial Revolution in England, the status of women during Victorian England, Christianity vs. Paganism, matters of nobility, and the role that fatalism plays in life weave together with various symbols to create an amazing flow to his novel. 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Nuclear technologyRead MoreVarian Solution153645 Words   |  615 Pagesyour budget line in the graph (c) If you spent all of your income on commodity 2, how much could you buy? below. x2 8 6 4 2 ,,,,,, ,,,,,, Line Blue ,,,,,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,, Red Line ,,,,,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,,Black Shading ,,,,,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, Black Line ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, Blue ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, Shading ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 4 6 8 x1 0 (d) Suppose that theRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................. 299 CHAPTER 10 Deductive Reasoning .......................................................................................... 312 x Implying with Certainty vs. with Probability ................................................................................ 312 Distinguishing Deduction from Induction ..................................................................................... 319 Review of MajorRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages269 United Chemical Company 269 Byron vs. Thomas 271 Active Listening Exercise 272 SKILL APPLICATION 274 Activities for Communicating Supportively Suggested Assignments 274 Application Plan and Evaluation 274 274 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA 276 Communicating Supportively 276 Scoring Key 276 Comparison Data 276 Communication Styles 276 Comparison Data 276 SKILL PRACTICE Diagnosing Problems and Fostering Understanding: United Chemical Company and Byron vs. Thomas 278 Observer’s Feedback FormRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesTable 9.1 Table 9.2 Table 9.3 Table 10.1 Table 10.2 Knowledge constituting philosophical assumptions Hierarchy of science and organization theory Fatalism and optimism in the ‘new’ modernist organization Bell’s stages of societal development Fordism vs. post-fordism The incidence of part-time work in European Union member states Modernism versus postmodernism Affirmative versus sceptical postmodernism The changing condition of knowledge Pay and profits: Long run performance of FTSE 100 companies (2002

Essay on the Effects of Chemical Castration and Physical...

Lata Mangeshkar- The Pride of India India, one of the highest movie producing countries, has many great singers. One such singer, who has been singing for the past 60 years is non other then my favourite singer Lata Mangeshkar. Lata Mangeshkar is and has been the most heard voice in all of India for some time now. Lata has been active in all Indian popular and classical music, sung film songs, ghazals , bhajans and pop (Nagma, 2004). Latas mesmerizing melodious voice has won fans all over the Indian subcontinent and the world. Time magazine recognized her as quot;the undisputed and indispensable queen of Indias playback singing.quot; (Answers.com,n.d). Bharat Ratna Latabai Mangeshkar was born in a very conservative and orthodox†¦show more content†¦As she made her entrance into the film industry, Lata, faced a lot of difficulties because at the time, Punjabi voices controlled the industry. She did not give up even after a few rejections. Finally, director, Ghulam Haider, gave Lata her breakthrough song with Dil Mera Toda from the movie Majboor in 1948. Haider said, â€Å"Let me foretell today that this girl will soon put to shade everyone else including Noor Jahan (a famous singer of the 1940’s). Producers and signers will fall at her feet begging her to sing in their films.quot; (Kumar, n.d). Initially Lata was heavily influenced by Noor Jahans whose voice strong and powerful represented the openness, strength and extroversion of the Punjab. In fact Lata was requested by many producers to â€Å"alter her voice to sound more like Noor Jahan’s† since the perception was that her thin voice would no go d own well with the famed strong and powerful voice of Noor Jahan (Parikmunir, 2004). 1949 became a powerful year for Lata’s career. She participated in four films, Barsaat, Andaaz, Dulari, and Maha (Kumar, n.d). Songs from all of these led her to fame and fortune, particularly the song, Aaega Aanewaalaa (Ibid.). She climbed the industry and influencing all those around her. Within a year, she changed the industry. Her unique high pitched singing finally became the want of the industry over the heavy, nasal voices. She found her own unique style which no other could copyShow MoreRelatedRational Choice Theory Of Rape1465 Words   |  6 Pagesof violence that continuously impacts the victim for years after it occurs, if not for the rest of the victim’s life. The effects of rape, short-term and long-term, can be catastrophic for the victim, causing them physical and psychological damage (Gluck, 2016). I believe that by using the Rational Choice Theory, rape can be eliminated in today’s society by the use of castration as a punishment for offenders a nd as a deterrence for possible future offenders. Rape has been an ongoing issue within societyRead MoreChemical Castration Essay4712 Words   |  19 PagesA Critical Analysis of the Effects of Chemical Castration and Physical Castration on the Recidivism Rates of Sex Offenders Introduction This paper examines the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. Using theory integration or the multifactor approach, the findings reveal there are several factors influencing sex offender recidivism. Both chemical castration and physical castration have the potential to reduce the recidivismRead More Chemical Castration and Physical Castration Essay4601 Words   |  19 PagesA Critical Analysis of the Effects of Chemical Castration and Physical Castration on the Recidivism Rates of Sex Offenders Introduction This paper examines the effects of chemical castration and physical castration on the recidivism rates of sex offenders. Using theory integration or the multifactor approach, the findings reveal there are several factors influencing sex offender recidivism. Both chemical castration and physical castration have the potential to reduce the recidivism ratesRead More Chemical Castration for Repeat Sex Offenders Essay2275 Words   |  10 PagesChemical Castration for Repeat Sex Offenders Child molestation and sexual assault is an ever growing problem in the United States today, but an even bigger problem is that these pedophiles are being released after only serving as little as one quarter of their sentence. In California alone (at the time the bill was first passed), there was an estimated 680 individuals on parole for molestation and other sexual assaults including sodomy by force with a victim under the age of thirteen as wellRead MoreEssay on Is the Use of Castration Constitutional?1809 Words   |  8 PagesThe issue of castration has many layers in terms of its use punitively. The biggest area of debate is the rate of success and if sex offender’s problem is physical or psychological. In addition, is the use of castration constitutional? Some people argue that compulsory castration is a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Eighth Amendment. However, does the unconstitutional nature change when castration is voluntary and the decision is ma de by the offender? Moreover, does labeling castrationRead MoreShould Sex Offenders Be Castrated? Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesHome Essay Questions Responses Should sex offenders be castrated? Support your position/list pros and cons. Distinguish physical vs. chemical castration. Discuss the best treatment programs for sex offenders. Yes, I do think male sex offenders should be castrated, considering males are the only ones who can go through this procedure. In fact, I think performing a castration isn’t enough. I feel sex offenders should not only have their testicles removed, but their penis as well. I know that soundsRead MoreSex-Drive Reducing Medications of Sex Offenders1556 Words   |  7 Pagessex offender treatment programs (SOTP). Over the years, studies have shown that SOTP was ineffective. A second method used included surgical sterilization and castration. During the early 1900’s this was the preferred method of treatment because society didn’t want a sexual offender to reproduce. However, research has found physical changes to the body do not change sexual drive (178). The third method used includes a surgical method in which the brain is modified. This is a highly effectiveRead MoreEffective And Ethically Defensible Methods Of Reducing Crime2344 Words   |  10 Pagesp reventing them from becoming recidivists. However, these methods need to be carefully devised and researched before implementing them in order to avoid morally questionable and invasive procedures, e.g. frontal lobotomy, psychosurgery, chemical and surgical castration. Biological theories Positivism, in relation to criminology, can be separated into three types: Biological (Lombroso), Psychological (Freud), and Social (Park, Durkheim). The purpose of positivism is to find objective facts, based onRead MoreSexual Assault Against Women Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesSexual Assault against Women I choose this topic because sexual assault is one of the most offensive crimes committed in our society. Not only is it a threat to the community, but it has a physically and psychologically effect on the victim in many ways. For the last couple of decades, sexual assault, rape, and child molestation has become the focal point of public concerns today. According to a 1993 National Crime Victimization Survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice, about 500Read More The Psychology of Pedophiles Essay4421 Words   |  18 Pagesand the non-violent offenders. The violent offenders are the minority of offenders. These are the one that pose the greatest risk to the victim and the public. Violent offenders are also known as child rapists. They use threat, intimidation, and physical force to overpower their victims. In most cases the child relinquishes sex for survival.(Bridges, 2012) The non-violent offenders are the most prevalent of all molesters. These are the people who use decep tion and enticement to lure their victims

Life on the frontier Essay Example For Students

Life on the frontier Essay Billingtons point of view several lines in to Americas Frontier Heritage begins with a philosophical question, he poses the question, ?Do they consider their fellow men as equals, or as inferiors and superiors?.? By they Billington is referring to America and in this case specifically to the people of the time he is discussing, people of the frontier in the aforementioned 19th and early 20th century. This quote would be the one posed to I, the reader, throughout not only his book but Limericks as well. Billington begins by explaining the foundation on which the country was built on, the thought of ?equality? and ?individualism.? These two words as many know are core virtues America was built on along with free enterprise, the pursuit of happiness and essentially the right to earn as much as you work for. All tremendous things that this country since day one has thrived on but the theme Billington implies throughout is that these products of life came without obstacles to most if not all. He states ?Nowhere could a stake in society be more easily obtained,? interesting, because as most are aware this ?frontier? time was the heart of the most extreme segregation and lack of acceptance unless you were of a specific demographic. Reading along further in the book Billington begins to narrow in on what his essential, main point was to begin with. Which seems to be America is a land for all individuals to come to and prosper without government interference. I realized this upon Billington stating ?.where superabundant opportunity allowed each to rise or fall to his proper level as long as governments did not meddle.? At first Billington seems to be taking the naive route of that America since day one has been a perfect melting pot for all colors and types of people to thrive without resistance much of this sense came from his frequent claims of everyone being ?neighborly? and getting along in the communities. Upon finishing reading it became more obvious this was not his intention at all. His intention was to describe America as a land where government will not interfere which was unheard of to nearly all from every corner of the globe. That it is great here because if you came to America you would have a chance, without a lord taking your income for a ?tax,? or a ruler telling you where to live and for this I entirely agree. The Legacy of Conquest brings up an entirely different perspective then Americas Frontier Heritage. Limerick narrates the other side of the story, one would probably say ?uglier? side. She discusses the lesser known hardships endured by the people who at the time frankly just were not as relevant as the majority. The frontier of the West as she describes was yes a diverse place where many could move to to make a living and settlement but if you were not of the majority you would almost definitly encounter resistance. The reputation of the West was that of where minorities: Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Certain Europeans etc. could go to live, ?free? of the Souths and Northeasts individual prejudices. This was quite a mirage that most did not see, notice, or at the time frankly care about. She uses the example of Oregon in 1857. Oregon was much opposed to slavery which of course sounded good to the Freedmen but, as Limerick state ?.they also opposed intrusion of free blacks.? Limerick br ings up the point of was the West and America in that case really such a welcoming place? It seems to be that unless you were white and protestant honestly it was not quite so welcoming. .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e , .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e .postImageUrl , .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e , .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e:hover , .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e:visited , .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e:active { border:0!important; } .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e:active , .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u76ee175597fcbbc36cb624afa0086e8e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marine Corps Uniform In The 21st Century EssayThe books, Americas Frontier Heritage and The Legacy of Conquest, written by Ray Allen Billington and Patricia Nelson Limerick, respectively, each provide extremely compelling and contrasting views of the frontier in the 19th and early 20th century. Despite the obvious and apparent differences on points of view, neither I believe can be credited with a definite ?wrong? or ?right? assessment. I agree and disagree with both on various points but without dispute I believe bring up tremendous points and valid information that everyone can understand

Sports Role in Your Life free essay sample

What role do sports play in your life? An athletic activity requiring skill or physical prowess and often of a competitive nature To the typical person this Is what a sport Is; however I have a different Interpretation of the word. Throughout the years of my life sports have transformed from an extra curricular activity to a way of life. What sport you play defines who you are as a person and enhances your credibility in a social setting. Also it demonstrates certain traits that you have acquired through the experience.Intellectual, endurance, determination, competition, dedication, cohesion, pride and hope Are inspirational words I would use to define what a sport means. Each definition has a direct relation to my experiences playing the sport of field hockey and soccer. Being enrolled as a young child has given me the opportunity to be exposed to a productive way to have a healthy lifestyle. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Role in Your Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Today the world Is a competitive place -sports taught me to strive and compete for what I want out of life.By being Introduced to competition at a young age, I am able to pursue my dreams and prepare me for pot secondary education. This makes me a stronger person by giving me the skills to prosper in todays society. Being healthy is a big part of my life. In my youth sports was essential contributor to mum lifestyle of exercise and eating right. As well as introducing me to alternative ways to stay fit. Sports have not only influenced me physical but spiritually also.If you re satisfied with yourself on the outside it influences you to have a positive outlook of yourself on the inside. This can lead to finding true happiness. Stress Is a mall contributor to casualties In North America. The highest proscribed medicine In Canada Is Anta Depressants such as Approach. These types of drugs are highly proscribed to teens. For me I use sports as my anta depressant. Being able to control each executed move on the field and by being given a challenge calms my soul.

Import Export Financing Essays

Import Export Financing Essays Import Export Financing Paper Import Export Financing Paper IMPORT FINANCING Background Like other developing countries, Pakistan’s import bill exceeds exports. Therefore, it faces scarcity of foreign exchange to meet its import requirements. According to daily â€Å"DAWN† dated 18th November 2012, Pakistan’s foreign exchange reserves were USD 13. 84 Billion at the week ended as on 9th November 2012. Gap between the import and export bills is partially covered by regulations, controls and measures exercised by State Bank of Pakistan and partially by the international credit, aid, loan agencies like International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB). State Bank of Pakistan keeps control at a time, over this imbalance by imposing cash margin restrictions on import of general items from time to time. This is done in order to restrict imports and to allow import of only necessary items to fulfill genuine requirements and to discourage import of non-commercial and luxury items. CASE STUDY: On 1st February 2012, restriction on import of CNG cylinders and kits was imposed by Government of Pakistan in view of government policy to discourage use of CNG as a fuel due to its short supply and ever rising demand. No importer is allowed to import CNG cylinders kits up till now which is being restricted by SBP custom authority. Foreign trade involves many risks because of different locations /countries of importer and exporter. Both the parties are doing their businesses in different countries where different laws regulations apply and it is difficult to settle any dispute regarding goods quality and payment settlement between importer and exporter. For safeguarding interest of both importer and exporter, banks involve in these transactions for smooth settlement between the parties. IMPORTERS Any body who imports the required goods into the country is called an importer. The importer has to pay the exporter for the value of goods in foreign exchange. Importers are classified into three categories: i) Commercial sector importer i-e. a firm, institution, organization, person or group of persons registered as an importer is called commercial importer. ii) Industrial sector importer i-e. any industrial unit which is registered as importer comes under this category. iii) Public sector importers i-e. the organizations owned by the government which import capital / consumer commodities as per their requirement. Usually, these organizations are not registered as regular importer and their requests for opening letter of credit is routed through SBP. Letter of Credit (L/C) Letter of Credit is a written undertaking by a bank given to the seller/exporter (beneficiary) at the request and instructions of the buyer/importer (applicant) to pay at sight or at a determinable future date a stated sum of money against the required documents. The documents include commercial invoice, certificate of origin, transport document relating to the mode of transport used (Airway Bill, Bill of Lading, Railway Receipt, Truck Receipt, etc. and other documents required as per terms of letter of credit. Parties to Letter of Credit In documentary credit operations, maximum number of parties involved are as under: i) Applicant (Opener of L/C): The applicant of a credit is an importer or buyer who requests his bank to issue documentary credit in favor of the seller /exporter. ii) Issuing Bank (Opening Bank): The issuing bank is also called importer’s bank. At the request of the applicant, this bank issues the credit in accordance with the instructions of the applicant in favor of the exporter. The letter of credit is sent to the bank in the exporter/seller’s country. ii) Advising Bank: Advising bank is also known as transmitting or correspondent bank in the seller’s country. Issuing bank forwards the advice of the credit by mail or by any means of tele-transmission (i-e. cable, telex, SWIFT, etc. ) to a correspondent bank where the beneficiary business exists. Normally, all L/Cs are sent via SWIFT i-e. Society for Worldwide International Financial Transactions. iv) Beneficiary (Seller or Exporter): The person or body receiving the letter of credit from the importer and/or in whose favor letter of credit is issued is called beneficiary. v) Confirming Bank: Confirming bank is the bank which at the specific request of the issuing bank adds its confirmation to a letter of credit. Adding confirmation constitutes a definite undertaking of the confirming bank, in addition to that of the issuing bank. vi) Negotiating Bank: Negotiating Bank is the bank which receives the documents against letter of credit as authorized bank. This bank has to give value for drafts and/or documents under L/C conditions. Negotiating Bank may or may not be the Advising Bank. This bank examines the documents against L/C, and if found in order, negotiates the documents and makes payment to the seller. The negotiating bank dispatches the documents to the Issuing Bank claiming reimbursement from the bank as mentioned in the L/C and as agreed between the two banks. The Negotiating Bank should ensure before lodgment of reimbursement claim that all terms of letter of credit have been complied with. vii) Reimbursing Bank: Reimbursing bank is the bank which, on behalf of the opening bank, honors the reimbursement claim lodged by the Negotiating Bank. MODES OF PAYMENT OF L/Cs There are four modes of payments of letters of credit as detailed under: (i) L/C available by Negotiation: If L/C provides for negotiation to pay without recourse to drawers and/or bonafide holders in terms of credit. Negotiation means the payment of value for draft(s) and/or documents by the bank authorized to negotiate complying with the terms of L/C. (ii) L/C available by Acceptance: In case the credit calls for a usance draft and is available by acceptance on the issuing bank, and the seller submits all the documents including usance bill of exchange to a nominated or another bank complying all the terms and conditions of the credit, the seller receives acceptance of the payment at maturity date. However, under a separate arrangement, he may get his usance draft discounted by the bank in order to meet his cash flow requirements. In such case, seller has to bear discount charges. (iii) L/C available by Sight Payment: If the beneficiary of letter of credit is to obtain payment immediately on presentation of stipulated documents, it is the sight letter of credit. In this case the exporter draws a sight or demand draft payable at the counters of the advising bank or the bank specified in the letter of credit. The draft is paid on presentation provided that all the other terms of L/C have been complied with. (iv) L/C available by Deferred Payment: In this case, L/C opening bank has to effect payment after a period specified in the L/C, calculated as to the number of days after the date of presentation of documents or after the date of shipment. Such L/C does not require drafts to be drawn or presented alongwith other documents. RETIREMENT OF DOCUMENTS When the documents are received from foreign bank, L/C opening bank affixes â€Å"Dak Received† stamp and enters the same in â€Å"Dak Received Register†. The duplicate set of documents, received by the bank, is kept with original set of documents and duplicate should be separate from the original. The bank verifies that all the documents are received as specified in the forwarding schedule of the negotiating/exporter’s bank. While scrutinizing the documents, it is also ensured that all the documents have been received as per terms of L/C. The retirement of documents can be made by the following means: Through debit to the customer’s account Through Trust Receipt Facility (FTR) offered by the bank. Through Finance against Imported Merchandise (FIM) THROUGH DEBIT TO CUSTOMER’S ACCOUNT In case customer/importer has sufficient funds to settle the bill, Cost Memo is prepared and amount in foreign currency is converted into Pak Rupees at Selling TT OD rate of exchange. Any foreign correspondent charges and service charges are added to it. Customer issues cheque / authority letter to debit his account for bill amount plus mark-up and other charges. After receiving the amount, title documents are endorsed by two authorized signatories and the same are delivered to customer against proper acknowledgement. In case, importer has not sufficient funds to settle the bill, he can avail finance from bank to settle the claim. Credit facilities available to the importer are explained hereunder: A. FUND BASED FACILITIES 1. FINANCE AGAINST TRUST RECEIPT (FATR) If customer desires to retire the documents through Trust Receipt facility, a request letter to this effect is obtained from him. In this case, bank releases documents of the goods to importer so that he may clear the goods from custom authorities. Payment is settled by the bank and reimbursement is made to foreign bank. The bank has lien on receivables in this case and importer repays the bank finance after sale of the goods. Trust Receipt should not be allowed against Usance L/C unless specific approval from the authority is held. Following documents are obtained before releasing the documents on Finance Against Trust Receipt: ? Letter of Request from the customer / importer ? Bill of Exchange duly accepted by the party ? Demand Promissory Note ? Trust Receipt ? Collateral (if any) as per limit approval ? Invoice ? Agreement of Mark-up The Trust Receipt facility can only be extended upto 45/60 days or as per terms of sanction. . FINANCE AGAINST IMPORTED MERCHANDISE (FIM) This is a sale transaction at a price mutually agreed upon between the bank and the importer. The sale price consists of value of goods or documents of title to goods and margin of profit. The sale price is payable by the buyer on deferred payment basis either in part or in lump sum. This facility is granted for a period of 60 days or as per sanction advice. Following documents are obtained from the party: ? Letter of Request from the customer / importer ? Demand Promissory Note ? Letter of Indemnity for clearance of consignment ? Letter of Pledge ? Agreement of Mark-up This type of facility is against pledge of imported stocks and its process / transaction flow is similar to that of Self-Liquidating Inventory Finance. TRANSACTION FLOW: Goods imported through L/C, when reach the port in importer’s country, there is a process of releasing the goods from custom authorities. For this purpose Clearing Agents on the panel of bank. The clearing agent after clearing the goods, transports the same via Goods Transport Companies to the destination of the importer. At importer’s business premises / factory, etc. Bank Muccadam is available to take over the custody of the goods as soon as these are received at the site. These goods are kept under pledge arrangement and bank takes effective control possession of the imported goods. B. NON-FUND BASED FACILITIES 3. USANCE LETTER OF CREDIT This type of letter of credit is issued with a condition that payment will be made after some specified period of time i-e. 180 days, 365 days, etc. The bank undertakes to pay the exporter for the value of goods at some later date in order to facilitate the importer to arrange funds for settlement of the transaction. Usance letter of credit is very useful facility in which importer not only avails the opportunity of time available to pay his liabilities but also he saves borrowing costs due to difference of LIBOR and KIBOR. At present KIBOR is upto 10% whereas LIBOR is ranging from 0. 5% to 1% for the last two to three years. In case of Usance L/C, the importer will have to pay the value of goods alongwith some additional profit/surcharge levied by the exporter (which is included in the Invoice Value) for allowing repayment period to importer. Exporter will calculate this additional profit on transaction on the basis of LIBOR (0. 70%) instead of KIBOR (10%). In case importer avails the credit lines to settle the import bill from his local bank, he will bear the borrowing/financing cost on the basis of KIBOR which is far above than LIBOR. 4. SHIPPING GUARANTEE The shipping guarantee is issued in favor of the local shipping agents for obtaining delivery order to clear goods from port / customer authorities in the absence of original shipping documents of L/Cs. This guarantee is issued on prescribed from provided by the shipping company. This guarantee is signed by the importer and counter-signed by the bank. Following documents are required from the customer at the time of issuance of shipping guarantee: ? Letter of Request from the customer / importer ? Copy of Invoice ? Copy of Bill of Lading / transport document ? Format of the shipping guarantee to be issued ? Counter guarantee in favor of the bank duly signed by the customer ? Letter of undertaking regarding exchange rate fluctuation ? Undertaking to accept the draft in case of usance L/C ? Undertaking to accept all discrepancies in the documents Liability under the shipping guarantee shall be reversed only after the surrender of the original bill of lading against which guarantee has been issued and the receipt of original guarantee from the shipping company. On receipt of original bill of lading, this is forwarded to the shipping company alongwith request to return the original guarantee. This facility is very short term nature normally 30 days. B. EXPORT FINANCE In order to strengthen its position in the international markets, Pakistan has to strive for improving its balance of trade by increasing its exports. As such exports have been the top priority of the government’s agenda to improve the position of foreign exchange earning of the country. Banks have a very important role to play in trade activities of the country. Banks act as agents for both the importers and exporters and play important role in the development of country’s trade. While handling export transactions, Credit Manager and/or Export staff of the bank must always keep into consideration the following: ? Export Policy Order of the government for the financial year ? Guidelines/instructions of Export Promotion Bureau ? State Bank of Pakistan Foreign Exchange Circulars ? Bank’s Foreign Exchange Regulations and FEX circulars ADVISING OF EXPORT LETTERS OF CREDIT Letters of credit received from foreign banks are advised to the beneficiaries in Pakistan through L/Cs advising departments of the bank. All L/Cs received are carefully scrutinized for their authenticity adhering to the terms conditions and complying with our Foreign Exchange Regulations and International laws publications (UCP 500). FORM â€Å"E† No person can export any goods from Pakistan unless he is duly registered as an exporter with Export Promotion Bureau under the registration â€Å"Importer Exporter Order 1952†. Blank â€Å"E† Forms are issued to exporters, against written request, free of any charges. In order to export, the exporter will provide details on â€Å"E† form in respect of goods, quantity, invoice value of goods, terms of sale, destination and name address of the importer. This â€Å"E† form is the main document to calculate value of goods exported and is used to control the export of any item from Pakistan. CASE STUDY: During October 2012, Government of Pakistan allowed export of 200,000 tons of sugar from Pakistan with a condition that one sugar mill can export maximum upto 10,000 tons of sugar. This maximum quantity of sugar (10,000 tons) exported by any single sugar mill to be controlled by the â€Å"E† Form submitted by the exporting sugar mill. In case of any effort of sugar mill to exceed export from 10,000 tons, SBP can very easily trace this from the record of â€Å"E† form available in its record. In the following paragraphs, we will discuss the types of financing available to exporter. . FOREIGN DOCUMENTARY BILLS PURCHASED AGAINST L/Cs This type of financing is referred to as Foreign Bills Purchased (FBP). Only those documents are purchased which are negotiable and which conform to the terms of letters of credit. The documents are forwarded to the L/C opening bank and payment is received through bank’s foreign correspondents maintaining NOSTRO account in v arious currencies. Following documents are submitted by the exporter for negotiation: ? Original Letter of Credit (L/C) ? Documents of title to goods (Bill of lading, Airway bill, etc. ? Bill of Exchange (B/E) ? Commercial Invoice ? Certificate of Origin ? Packing List ? Insurance Policy ? Any other document as per terms of L/C FBP is practical example of â€Å"Factoring† in which bank purchases the receivable of the client/exporter after making payment and takes the responsibility of collection of the receivable at its own end. The exporter transfers all rights of ownership of the documents to the bank and authorization to claim reimbursement from the L/C opening bank. This transaction is to be handled with extreme care, vigilance and diligence. All the financial and commercial documents are scrutinized as per terms conditions of L/C. Documents after careful scrutiny are forwarded to the L/C opening bank and claim of reimbursement is made as well. On realization of the bill, FBP is settled /adjusted. 2. FOREIGN DOCUMENTARY BILLS FOR COLLECTION Financing against foreign bills is made on export bills which are drawn under Letter of credit and are sent for payment under documentary collection. This is a sale transaction at a price mutually agreed upon between the buyer (bank) and seller (exporter). The documents are sold to the bank and sale proceeds will be credited in the account of seller (exporter). This type of export finance is termed as â€Å"Finance against Foreign Bills† (FAFB). All other procedures of FAFB are similar to FBP except that under FAFB in the event of non-payment of the bill by L/C opening bank or importer, the exporter undertakes to repurchase the same documents at bank’s marked up price. FAFB is the practical example of â€Å"Lien on Receivables†. 3. FINANCE AGAINST PACKING CREDIT (FAPC) Packing Credit is a sort of pre-shipment or pre-export finance, extended to prime valued customers (exporters) against valid letter of credit / firm contract order. The finance is provided to the exporter for the following: ? Purchase of goods ? Freight charges ? Clearing forwarding charges ? Export duty, etc. ? Packing requirements Finance against packing credit is granted for 180 days or upto the period the shipment of goods is affected whichever is earlier. Lien is marked on the Letter of Credit / Firm Contract in order to prevent negotiation of documents.

Mies van der Rohe architecture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mies van der Rohe architecture - Term Paper Example Mies is known for the spiritualization of technique and he was an architect with the special ability to reduce all the problems of his character to the essential simplicity of his architecture. Significantly, the modern style in architecture commonly referred to as High Modernism was introduced in United States of America mainly by Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius. Mies van der Rohe worked as the director of Germany’s most famous design school, Bauhaus, during 1930-33 and he started applying the Modern architectural style to his works. The liberal members of the Bauhaus such as Mies and Gropius found their way in due course to America when it was disbanded by the Nazis and they reworked the modernist architecture in the 1940s and 50s. As a proponent of the modern architecture, Mies defined interior spaces with modern materials like industrial steel and plate glass in his mature buildings. One of the characteristic features of his style of architecture is that it made use o f minimal framework of structural order and he is the most important architect of the modernist and late-modernist architecture. Significantly, Mies van der Rohe is highly recognized for his skin and bones style architecture and his modernist architecture is esteemed for its plain surfaces and straightforward rectangular shapes which was adapted to the corporate skyscrapers, apartments, and university buildings. As E. C. Relph maintains, â€Å"his plans were simplicity itself. All the buildings were arranged in lines and at right angles, and their basic form was that of a carefully proportioned cube expressing the structure of steel columns and beams as perfectly as possible. The slogan Mies invented to express his design philosophy was ‘Less is More’.† (Relph, 191) Therefore, it is fundamental to maintain that the modernist architecture style introduced by Mies has been noted for simplicity and the skin and bones style achieved grand success in modern architectu re. This paper makes a profound analysis of Mies van der Rohe architecture in order to realize how his work relates to ‘modernism’ we can appreciate today. Born as the son of a stonemason, Mies van der Rohe received practical experience in construction during the early stages of his life and his later architecture style proved to be the milestone in modernist architecture. Soon he became Germany’s most important architect of his time and severed as the director of Bauhaus where he applied his Modernist architectural principles to his works. Whereas his early designs as an independent designer show the influence of Schinkel, he rapidly grew into a Modernist architect with original designs and styles, and his concept of a transparent skyscraper marked a new step towards Modernism. However, due to the scantiness of material science and construction techniques, it took more time for him to establish as the leading proponent of High Modernism. In 1938, he became the h ead of the architectural school at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago and he redefined Modern architecture with a string of important commissions in the following years. â€Å"The elevated glass cube of the Farnsworth House (1950) in Plano, Illinois, took ideas of open, simple interior spaces to their extreme. The pristine steel and glass tower of the Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) in Chicago were hailed as perfect new renditions of this building type, and the Seagram Building (1958) in New York was viewed as the prototypical new skyscraper.†

Annotated Bibliography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Annotated Bibliography - Research Paper Example For prehending, students learn through a concrete experience. In transforming, students are geared more towards active experimentation. These two processes can be placed onto a quadrant in which each quarter contains a certain learning style. The learning styles used by Kolb are â€Å"Assimilators,† â€Å"Divergers,† Convergers,† and â€Å"Accommodators.† For this study, participants were chosen from the Taxes and Personal Finance course at the Lubar School of Business at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. A total of 159 participants were given two versions of WBI that had the same content and were only different with the accessibility on the platform. The results found that for each WBI module, each learning style was balanced. For student reaction, the participants were given an eight question Likert-type scale ranging from Did Not Like (1) to Liked Very Much (4). The results of this survey found that there was little difference between participants o f both WBI modules. Overall, the study found that with WBI, there is not any difference between the learning styles of students and type of online instruction. When it comes to construction projects in Hong Kong, there are certain criteria that are used to determine the success of the project. However, the definition of the success of a project depends on the view of a number of stakeholders, such as clients, consultants or designers, and contractors. This study aims to compare the responses of all of these stakeholders based on a set of criteria used to measure a project’s success. After reviewing literature, nine specific performance criteria were chosen for this study: profit, time, no claims or contractual disputes, job satisfaction, quality, safety, environment, generation of innovative ideas, and effectiveness. The definition of performance criteria is given as a benchmark to evaluate

Financial audit Essay Example for Free

Financial audit Essay Generally, ethics refer to moral principles and values. Random House Webster’s College Dictionary notes that ethics are â€Å"the rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions or governing a particular group, culture, etc. † An individuals ethics generally define what that individual believes to be right and wrong. Professional ethics are typically expressed by a code of conduct adopted by an organization that represents a profession. Professions adopt such codes to encourage moral conduct among their members. Following is a list of the individuals involved in the AMRE case: Robert Levin, Chief Operating Officer Dennie Brown, Chief Accounting Officer Walter Richardson, Vice President of Data Processing Steven Bedowitz, Chief Executive Officer Mac Martirossian, Chief Financial Officer Edward Smith, audit engagement partner Joel Reed, senior audit manager My experience has been that students differ markedly in their assessments of the ethics of these individuals. In particular, students generally have difficulty arriving at a consensus assessment of Martirossian’s conduct in this case. I believe that the lively debate typically produced by this exercise is healthy for students since such debates allow them to begin developing or fleshing out their attitudes regarding important ethical issues and concepts. 2. The executives involved in the AMRE fraud agreed in a consent order to refrain from violating federal securities laws in the future. In addition, Robert Levin and Dennie Brown forfeited funds they realized from sales of AMRE stock during the fraud. Levin also paid $1. 8 million to the federal government, including a $500,000 fine for insider trading. Finally, Levin and Steven Bedowitz contributed approximately $9 million to a settlement pool to resolve a large class-action lawsuit. Most students conclude that the AMRE executives who participated in the fraud were appropriately punished. Their actions were motivated by greed and self-interest and they paid a heavy price for their indiscretions. The two auditors involved in this case, Edward Smith and Joel Reed, were prohibited from being assigned to audits of SEC registrants for nine months. Again, students typically find that this punishment was appropriate given the apparent mistakes made during the AMRE audits. These mistakes included failing to adequately test the computerized lead bank, allowing AMRE personnel to observe certain inventory sites, accepting client explanations without applying sufficient audit procedures, and failing to require the client to disclose large and suspicious period-ending accounting adjustments in the financial statements. The SEC issued a separate enforcement release criticizing Martirossian for his failure to take appropriate measures upon learning about the fraud. Students frequently disagree with the SEC’s criticism of Martirossian. Many of them view him as an ethical person who just happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. It is important to point out to students that it is not unusual for accountants to find themselves in these types of ethical dilemmas. Martirossian’s experience provides an excellent example of the potential consequences an accountant may face if he or she violates the Code of Professional Conduct. 3. Among the alternative courses of action available to Martirossian were the following: a. Aid in the cover up of the fraud. b. Demand that the executives involved disclose the fraud to the auditors. If they refused to comply, report the fraud to the SEC. c. Report the fraud to the auditors and to the Board of Directors immediately. d. Secretly report the fraud to the auditors. e. Resign his position with AMRE, Inc. Probably the best course of action for Martirossian would have been to demand that the executives disclose the fraud to the auditors. If they refused, Martirossian should have considered disclosing the fraud directly to the SEC. This action would have resulted in Martirossian upholding his professional responsibilities as a CPA. Although he may have lost his job, he would have avoided being sanctioned by the SEC. Most important, this course of action would have prevented innocent parties, such as potential AMRE investors and creditors, from being harmed by the fraudulent scheme. 4. The relevant accounting concept in this context was the matching principle. The matching principle requires that expenses be matched with the revenues they produce. A cost can be deferredtreated as an assetwhen it is expected that the cost will produce future economic benefits (generally, revenue). It seems reasonable that a portion of AMRE’s advertising costs benefited future periods and, thus, could be appropriately deferred. Nevertheless, AMRE’s policy of deferring all of the advertising costs related to unset leads was very aggressive and probably resulted in the booking of assets that would provide no future benefits for the company. 5. Listed next are key audit risk factors that were present during the 1988 and 1989 AMRE audits. a. AMREs management had a strong incentive and desire to maintain the companys stock price at a high level. b. AMRE’s unset leads increased dramatically during 1988. c. The company’s inventory also increased significantly during 1988 and increased much more rapidly than the company’s sales. d. The efforts of AMRE’s executives to influence important audit planning decisions should have been of concern to the auditors. e. The percentage-of-completion accounting method was an unusual method to apply to AMRE’s installation jobs since those jobs typically required only four to ten days to complete. f. AMRE had several large and unusual fourth-quarter adjusting entries in 1989. . Martirossian’s secret meeting with the AMRE auditors should have caused them to question the integrity of the client’s financial statements. When taken together, these items suggest that the overall audit risk for the AMRE audits was relatively high. Most of these risk factors were discovered by Price Waterhouse or were apparent to the audit firm. For example, the audit planning memo for the 1988 audit identified the large increase in inventory as a key risk factor and called for an increase in the number of inventory observation sites. Likewise, the AMRE audit partner originally requested that the company disclose the large period-ending adjustments in its 1989 10-K. Although the auditors identified these risk factors, it appears that they failed to adequately consider them during the performance of fieldwork. For example, company executives convinced the auditors to allow client personnel to observe several of the inventory sites selected for observation at the end of 1988. During the 1989 audit, client management persuaded the auditors not to require disclosure of the large fourth-quarter adjustments in AMREs financial statements. Why did the auditors apparently defer to AMRE’s executives in several situations and fail to adequately question their decisions in others? Possibly, the auditors simply succumbed to client pressure in each of these instances. During the 1989 audit, the auditors may have relied too their detriment on Martirossian, a former colleague, to inform them of any major problems in AMRE’s financial statements. Whether Price Waterhouse was justified during the 1988 audit in agreeing to allow client personnel to observe the physical counts at certain inventory sites is a matter of professional judgment. Apparently, members of the audit team did not believe that the client’s request posed a major problemthat is, did not result in a material scope limitation, otherwise they would not have agreed to it. Client management should not be allowed to influence key audit decisions such as sample size determinations, assignments of auditors to given areas of the audit, and the types of audit tests applied to specific accounts. Generally, any time a client request would prevent an auditor from satisfying the requirements of the third standard of fieldworkobtaining sufficient competent evidential matter to support his or her audit opinion, that request should be denied. 7. In most situations, the key management assertion for an expense item is the completeness assertion. That is, auditors are generally concerned that a client may attempt to understate expenses. However, in this case the fourth-quarter write-offs in 1989 were initiated by AMRE management. When management voluntarily recognizes a large and unusual expense item, an auditor may want to consider the possible motives underlying management’s decision. Certainly, an auditor in such a case will want to investigate the completeness assertion, but the existence/occurrence assertion should also be examined by the auditor in such circumstacnes. In recent years, many large firms have taken â€Å"big bath† write-offs to improve their chances of returning to a profitable or more profitable position in the near future. In fact, the management assertion of most concern to Price Waterhouse regarding the 1989 fourth-quarter write-offs may have been the â€Å"presentation and disclosure† assertion. This assertion â€Å"addresses whether particular components of the financial statements are properly classified, described, and disclosed† (AU Section 326. 08). The large year-end adjustments that resulted in AMRE reporting a net loss for 1989 were clearly not adequately described in the company’s financial statements. 8. Listed next are the key responsibilities an auditor assumes for quarterly financial information included in the footnotes to a clients audited financial statements. Refer to AU Section 722 for a more detailed discussion of these responsibilities. a. The auditor should apply â€Å"review† procedures to the interim financial information. (Such procedures consist principally of inquiries of client personnel and analytical procedures. ) b. The auditor should ensure that the quarterly data are presented as supplementary information and that each page of the data is clearly marked as unaudited. . If the results of the review procedures are satisfactory, the auditor does not need to modify his or her report on the audited financial statements to make reference to the review of the interim financial information. However, if the interim financial information does not appear to be in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, including adequate disclosure, the auditor’s report should generally be expanded to address this issue.

Tension in Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night Essay -- Do Not Go G

Tension in Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good   Night  Ã‚   Dylan Thomas’s poem "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good   Night", is an urgent plea from Thomas to his dying father, and all men not to give in to death.   Thomas uses himself as the speaker to the make the poem more personal.   The message of the poem is very inspirational.   Throughout the poem, Thomas uses different imagery and language to illustrate the tension between action and inaction.   The first stanza helps summarizes the meaning of the poem, urging old men to fight death.   In the first stanza of the poem Thomas uses assonance, †Old age should burn and rave at close of day; / Rage, rage against the dying of the light.† (2-3) The use of age in the second line, and rage twice in the third depict assonance.   Here Thomas is trying to disprove the notion that old age is a time to rest, and a time to look back with wishful regrets on one’s experiences. The middle four stanzas are examples of various types of men, their trials of life and the whisper of death upon them.   In ...

Laptops in School Essay

Power on the new paper of the future. Students should be able to have a laptop for schoolwork instead of carrying a binder and using paper for everything they are assigned to do. First of all, homework would be more fun to do on a laptop. Students would be able to put more detail into their work as well as show their personality because of all the features and applications within a computer. Paper assignments on worksheets and bookwork don’t provide this opportunity. This would be fun as students would to be able to create, answer questions, and study if students had the access a computer brings. Secondly, students will find that turning in homework on time is easier with a laptop than traditional paper assignments. A college student said,† Using laptops will help students with their grades. † Once a student completes the assignment, he or she can simply email it to the teacher. Students will not have the excuse of losing the assignment, forgetting it or having a dog eat the homework. Using paper means cutting down trees. Laptops should be a student’s friend. Statistics prove a third point. Statistics show that using laptops in school increases students’ grades. Going more in depth in assignments is what students will do if they have laptops. Also, students have a better chance of turning in their work and therefore grades will improve. Teachers and parents continue to complain that grades drop because students are lazy and don’t remember to turn in homework when it is due. Statistics also show that today’s teens are so involved in every aspect of technology, they would embrace the opportunity to simply use their skills with computers and homework. A student at Brigham Young University who uses his laptop daily, said, â€Å" Laptops are required in college. When using laptops, assignments can be graded quickly because of automated grading done by the computer. Turning in homework through a computer would allow quicker feedback to students. The quick feedback would allow a teacher to see what students are struggling with. Plus, a laptop is better than using paper. Paper is a waste of trees. † About 144,000 trees get cut down each day. Cutting down trees is what is done to get paper. The less trees we have, the less oxygen we have. Finally, laptops will reduce that cutting down of trees in the future predicting a longer life for the earth. In college it is required for students to have laptops. So why not start using laptops now? Most of the work we do in middle school and high school is for college and life after college. The laptop will become a student’s best friend, mentor, helper, and environment saver.

Essay on “Reorganization of team structure in Cutting edge LTD”

Essay on â€Å"Reorganization of team structure in Cutting edge LTD† Perhaps, Cutting edge limited is a UK based company, which started three years ago, the company deals with manufacturing and distributing tennis racquets. It has rapidly expanded rendering the management of its operations a challenge. In order to improve the company’s profitability and efficiency, the reorganization of its team structure is deemed necessary owing its rapid growth. Re-organization of team structure revolves around arranging of the workforce and their various jobs in line the company’s goals and objectives. Initially, when Cutting edge limited was small, communicating face-to-face was easier and formal team structure. However, in its present large size, plans have to be made about allocation of different tasks in order to improve the company’s efficiency and profitability (Dent Galloway, 1999). In most cases, reorganization of team structure causes layoff in an organization. One of the objectives of reorganization is reducing payroll overheads. Others involve outsourcing, absorbing acquired or merged entities, increasing efficiency, and management’s wish for change. In a reorganization, not just jobs change, be outsourced, outplaced, but jockeying for position transpires; new associations are required, and the mental challenge of the revolution itself sluggishness almost everybody in the company. During the initial stages of Cutting edge limited, there are set of standards were made in line with the commitment towards total quality service. Values were set from the beginning, and now with the company’s big size, the increasing competitive and turbulent business environment Cutting edge limited has to re-organize its team structures in order to improve its efficiency and its operations and consequently increases its profitability (Brews Tucci 2004). The main issue now with Cutting edge limited relates to the growth of the business: owing the business size it happens to be much more complicated to coordinate the operations, to meet customer’s expectations, to uphold efficiency and to manage employees. The management should find out a resolution to address all problems associated to the present size of the company. The source of those problems was business growth so the way out is to reorganize the team structure of Cutting edge limited into various Strategic Business Units. Dividing the business into various business units will make easier to manage the efficiency of all the business units. Not just that but the various units will be more flexible and thus let them improve the response of the expectations of the customer. In addition, this reorganization will enhance the management of the workers (Dent Galloway, 1999). The management of Cutting edge limited should not end here after reorganizing the team structure of the company activity into various business units. But should go further and transform on how workers are delegating tasks inside those various business units. As an alternative of arranging structure in a hierarchical manner, the management should opt to put into operation a team approach to achieve the objective of the company. By doing this the management will be transferring the leadership responsibilities from the managers to the workers enabling them to have sound decision making power which will lead to an increased workforce responsibility and accountability. These transformations will motivate the workers to find out innovative solutions for their tribulations in stead of  waiting the management to chip in for the solutions. Team restructuring enables the workforce to be task oriented and hence all employees will participate in search of various solutions when problems occur. Engaging all members of the team will be more productive other than leaving it to a manager to give solutions. Team restructuring will enable Cutting edge ltd to deliver tennis racquets in time, this will enhance satisfaction of customers. Consequently restructuring will reinforce teamwork among employees by including all members in finding ways of delivering tennis racquets efficiently (Cameron, Kim Quinn 2006). Furthermore, the company has to form groups called â€Å"superteams†. These groups will be self managed and will be under minimal supervision from the management of the company. These groups are to be more inventive and have a quality and speed as compared to the normal teams. Again, such teams will directly be concerned in solving issues arising from the company. This will save a lot of time and expenditure and thus enhance the company’s profitability and efficiency. Summarily, reorganizing the business into various units will promote the quality of services offered by Cutting edge ltd. Moreover, forming the self-managed groups will allow cutting edge ltd improve the quality of its services, profitability and efficiency. This will be realized through utilization of all the employees’ creativity and skills and again by motivating them (Cameron, Kim Quinn 2006). The self-team will be more beneficial as compared to the normal teams in that, their leadership is within. The fact that team members are engaged in making their own decisions, they therefore, have a sense of belonging and possession within their various tasks. They will also feel satisfied for the outcome of their decisions. Although, there are direct impacts on the outcome due to the fact that the decision was as a result of working as a team and so the probability to have sound decisions are high nevertheless an indirect impact will also be realized owing the team members participation in the process of making decisions. For instance when an individual participate in the process of making the decision, it will be more probable to struggle for proper implementation, as opposed to implementing a solution which he/she was never involved in making (Galbraith Jay 2002). In team restructuring, the responsibilities of group members can be interchanged. This will make the business capable of harvesting much more from its workers potential; above all, the workers will be much more encouraged. The change of tasks gives workers a chance to perform new tasks, acquire new skills and hence avoiding boredom. In a restructured team, work effort will be unified as opposed to unstructured team. This unified effort will enhance team results since an individual work effort where an employee focuses on his own task without involving other members will yield lesser outcome. This way, team members will be able to appreciate their achievement and thus feeling motivated. In Cutting edge ltd, the team restructuring will attract a bigger number of workers to participate in quality production and delivering of tennis racquets and hence customer satisfaction (Brews Tucci, 2004). After team restructuring, the management of Cutting edge ltd should create a job-secure environment in order to keep the team members involved and motivated. In fact, the company would have created a conducive environment for work where employees will participate. A right working environment is that which will involve all members hence avoiding failures and mistakes. To support the team restructuring, the company management should reward and recognize those members and teams who excel in their various duties. This award will motivate employees by recognizing them and by promoting competition amongst the teams.  The team restructuring will enable managers be facilitators, this will motivate workers perform their respective duties and participate in the process of solving problems. Managers of Cutting edge ltd should empower employees by letting them make appropriate changes necessary in improving customer satisfaction and productivity of the company (Galbraith Jay, 2002). Team restructuring will also facilitate the aspect of power transfer to team members from the management. This will give room for transfer of responsibilities towards the team, which makes them enjoy the outcome of their decisions. By doing this Cutting edge ltd management will improve the effectiveness of all the team members since teams were liable for the outcome and also the inspiration among workers is improved owing the responsibilities and power transfer. The management will also assist employee’s effectiveness through goal setting procedure. As opposed to unstructured team, the responsibility of  management in team-restructured system is to lay attainable and clear goals always utilizing ideas and input of the members. These ideas and input become more significant after goal setting since the workers are the ones giving the solutions to attain the goal. In addition, cutting edge ltd management should act on the best suggestions from employees. As opposed to the unstr uctured team system where the management both sets the goal and give solution required to attain certain goal. The team restructuring in Cutting edge ltd will allow managers to have a role in facilitating the setting of goals, on the other hand, solution finding is typically a team task. In order to uphold team motivation and effectiveness the manager of the company should give coaching and feedback process to the whole team and not an individual (Birckley Jim, 2003). The role of a manager after team restructuring is more of facilitation than management. The managers have the responsibility to creating the most favorable work conditions so as to have members of the team prepared to take roles to work competently and solving problems on their own. It is important that when implementing team structuring, key people must be involved; this means the executives and other upper-level management whose processes and workers will be influenced by the restructuring. For example, if a new technology is to be introduced in the business, the key people should not be just top management, but lower-level managers who also oversee the workers use of the introduced new technology. A diverse set of key people should be concerned in minimizing the cost of introducing the technology. Developing a plan for successful implementation of team restructuring is vital. The developed plan should assist to describe the responsibilities of the key people concerned where as also laying out short-term as well as long term objectives for the restructuring (Birckley Jim 2003). The management of Cutting edge ltd should uphold the plan for implementing team restructuring; the management should follow up on the plan it lays. This will make the rest of members of the team adapt to the team restructuring. If the management of the company fails to offer the necessary support for the plan to be applicable, it is unlikely to be successful. The management’s communication with workers on what is happening, why the team restructuring are being put in place, and how they will implement is vital. Since team restructuring can cause a lot of fear, better communication can be employed to cool down workers and give confidence to their continual support. In addition to improved communication, the management should consider any communication from the members. They ought to be accessible to act on suggestions or respond to questions that workers may have. Creating chances for member’s feedback like having an open-door management policy or holding meetings may su ccessfully facilitate team restructuring. Team restructuring in Cutting edge ltd may encounter various pitfalls; the management of the company may be attracted by the simplicity and power of the restructuring process, but then the process of putting in place is extremely expensive and time-consuming. The process requires a substantial amount of money and other resources to put in place the team restructuring. Another challenge is the differing perceptions of members of the team: The idea of teamwork differs among cultures, employees from diverse cultures will, in all possibility, portray a team’s membership criteria, objectives and activities in extremely dissimilar terms. This diversity will make it hard to institute the root cause of a problem, which may be within the team members since it’s hard to differentiate between personal and cultural factors. This makes team restructuring and problem solving more cumbersome (Birckley Jim 2003). The reorganization of team structure may faces resistance from some of the employees. The restructuring can cause some employees uncomfortable in executing their duties, their relationships with managers and coworkers and in their areas of expertise. Even when employees are not very contented with the present workplace and consequently welcome the restructuring, they may find the process to be demanding. Helping workers foresee difficulties and notifying workers of how these pitfalls will be dealt with can be a basis of comfort to them. When Cutting edge ltd proposes major team restructuring, those implicated will begin to be anxious on how the process will change their responsibilities and the required skills. The most thriving employees of a company may feel endangered since they are good performers under the old structure of the company. Some regular worker reactions to team restructuring include denial, confusion, anger and loss of identity. Such resistance is not only experience d among workers but also executives and managers may be prone (Birckley Jim. 2003). Team restructuring is personally a taxing issue for everybody affected; nevertheless, it is beneficial to the entire company in the long run. How the management reacts to workers resistance can decide the fate of the business. For instance, a sense of confusion by the employees, which is habitually represented by continuous questioning from employees and/or management — typically implies that not sufficient information, has been offered. This is a chance to convey supplementary information to workers, such as repeating the big picture and the reason the corporation is working so hard to redefine its business culture. This is also an opportunity to give assurances that the administration is going to address their concerns of the employees (Galbraith Jay, 2002). Another common challenge/pitfall facing the restructuring process is denial or doubt that actual reorganization will take place. This reaction takes place sometimes since workers will not want any alteration in their tasks they are used to, and in other times they do not trust the administration is fully dedicated to the idea of restructuring. In any case, the feedback also signifies an opportunity for administration to recognize issues that may perhaps be present transversely in the business and address them. The employees can also bring administration and higher-ups the attention that the actual reorganization of team structures is not consistent with the framework that was put in place. A probably related feedback is anger, sometimes goes together with attempts to sabotage the management efforts to reorganize. Once more, there can be advantages to this kind of behavior. Workers who so obviously make their feelings recognized let managerial leaders in on which hindrances to restruc turing are probable to take place, and administration can then devise methods to address them. It also encourages negotiation with other employees (Brews Tucci, 2004). Another pitfall is the fact that employees who believe themselves experts or specialists in a certain field are frequently asked to begin, for example, operating in a dissimilar functional field or employing different technology), when business make cross-training be among their goals. Again, this intimidates the comfort zone for numerous workers at all levels of the business. Having demonstrated themselves once, they are still ordered to do so repeatedly. In order to relieve these fears, administration needs to persuade employees to take initiative, ask questions, and take risks. Fear of not a succeeding is perhaps one of the strongest grounds for opposing restructuring (Miles, 2003). Companies that anticipate reorganization will be embrace need to analyze failures and risks as tools in which the business can learn and expand. Accordingly, resistance ought to be discouraged, whereas management will feel it is most significant to put in place a positive spin on the whole thing, business management will realize that demonstrating their own concerns on the team restructuring of the company assist other employees to deal with their concern (Galbraith Jay, 2002). It also offers them a chance to instruct others on how to discover best practices in ordinary circumstances, and to let workers know they understand their concerns. Resistance is another challenge of reorganization of team structure; this affects employees and managers equally when the process is put in place. Resistance is a phenomenon, which occurs naturally and can easily be tackled in a constructive approach. In this respect, resistance is an indication of a radical transformation in the reorganization of team structures. Management can be of assistance by foreseeing common reactions and utilizing them to their best benefit. For example, if a member of staff is able to make requested transformation to his performance but not keen to do so, some compromise may be all that is necessary to convince that individual to follow along with the new direction of the business. For those who opt for transformation but lack various basic skills, intended training could be required to suppress the fears of those individuals. Whatever the conflict a company encounters, it is almost an assured part of transformation, which is a continuous in the business setting. Globalization of markets and rapid innovation in technology, a company cannot afford to relax on its success (Miles, 2003). In conclusion, reorganization of team structures in Cutting edge ltd will assist significantly in the effective manufacturing and delivering of tennis racquets. The process will enable the company to manage the challenges and pitfalls associated with its full grown size. Team restructuring will transform the entire operations of UK based Cutting edge ltd hence increasing the profitability, efficiency and